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Citizenship by Investment Programs
Eleven programs across Europe, the Caribbean, the Pacific and West Africa, including the ones that have closed. Each page reflects the current legal position, not the one that applied when a program launched.
Citizenship by investment is not a stable category of law. Malta's scheme ended after a European Court of Justice ruling in 2025. Montenegro closed its route at the end of 2022 and never reopened it. North Macedonia keeps a discretionary provision on its books while the European Commission asks for its repeal. Meanwhile newer programs, such as São Tomé and Príncipe's, have opened in the same period.
We advise on each program below as independent counsel, separate from the developers, agents and government funds that administer them. Where a route has closed or its status is uncertain, the corresponding page says so before it says anything else.
Europe
Türkiye
A real estate or bank deposit route running since 2017, with no residency or language requirement before the application is filed.
View program →
Malta
The former investor naturalisation scheme ended in 2025 following a CJEU ruling. Two separate legal routes remain, and neither is a substitute for it.
Read the current position →
Montenegro
The government closed its investor citizenship route at the end of 2022. Standard naturalisation and residence rules are unaffected and remain open.
Read the current position →
North Macedonia
Citizenship remains available on a discretionary basis under Article 11 of the Law on Citizenship, though the European Commission has called for the route's repeal.
View legal status →The Caribbean
Antigua & Barbuda
Four investment routes have been available since 2013, with an EU phase-out request pending for 2028.
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Dominica
One of the longer-running Caribbean programs, in force since 1993, with no residency requirement before or after citizenship is granted.
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Grenada
The only Caribbean citizenship program linked to a US E-2 investor treaty, giving Grenadian citizens a path to US investor visas.
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Saint Lucia
Four investment routes are available, including government bonds, an option no other Caribbean program currently offers.
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St. Kitts & Nevis
The longest-running citizenship by investment program in the world, in force since 1984, now approaching a 2027 biometric passport deadline.
View program →Pacific & West Africa
Vanuatu
One of the fastest routes available, typically 2 to 4 months, though it does not carry Schengen or UK visa-free access.
View program →
São Tomé and Príncipe
The newest program on this list, launched in 2025, with an entry point lower than any other option covered here.
View program →Not sure which route fits your situation
Investment thresholds, processing times and physical presence rules differ by program, and several have changed materially in the past two years. A short consultation is usually enough to narrow the options that still apply to you.
Book a Consultation Read Our PublicationsThis page is provided for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Program status, investment thresholds and procedural requirements are subject to change by the relevant governments and may change again after publication. For advice specific to your circumstances, please contact our legal team directly.